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Bone china is a type of soft-paste porcelain that is composed of bone ash, feldspathic material, and kaolin. It has been defined as ''ware with a translucent body'' containing a minimum of 30% of phosphate derived from animal bone and calculated calcium phosphate.〔By The British Pottery Manufacturers' Federation, and quoted in ''Dictionary Of Ceramics''. Arthur Dodd & David Murfin. 3rd edition. The Institute Of Minerals. 1994.〕 Developed by English potter Josiah Spode, bone china is known for its high levels of whiteness and translucency,〔Ozgundogdu, Feyza Cakir. “Bone China from Turkey” Ceramics Technical; May2005, Issue 20, p29-32.〕 and very high mechanical strength and chip resistance.〔'Trading Places.' R.Ware. ''Asian Ceramics''. November,2009, p.35,37-39〕 Its high strength allows it to be produced in thinner cross-sections than other types of porcelain.〔 Like stoneware it is vitrified, but is translucent due to differing mineral properties.〔What is China? (As with stoneware, the body becomes vitrified; which means the body fuses, becomes nonabsorbent, and very strong. Unlike stoneware, china becomes very white and translucent. )〕 From its initial development and up to the later part of the twentieth century, bone china was almost exclusively an English product, with production being effectively localised in Stoke-on-Trent.〔 Most major English firms made or still make it, including Mintons, Coalport, Spode, Royal Crown Derby, Royal Doulton, Wedgwood and Worcester. In the UK, references to "china" or "porcelain" can refer to bone china, and "English porcelain" has been used as a term for it, both in the UK and around the world.〔Osborne, Harold (ed), ''The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts'', p. 130, 1975, OUP, ISBN 0198661134; Faulkner, Charles H., "The Ramseys at Swan Pond: The Archaeology and History of an East Tennessee Farm'', p.96, 2008, Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2008, ISBN 1572336099, 9781572336094; Lawrence, Susan, "Archaeologies of the British: Explorations of Identity in the United Kingdom and Its Colonies 1600-1945", p. 196, 2013, Routledge, ISBN 1136801928, 781136801921〕 == History == The first development of what would become known as bone china was made by Thomas Frye at his Bow porcelain factory near Bow in East London in 1748. His factory was located very close to the cattle markets and slaughterhouses of Essex, and hence easy access to animal bones. Frye used up to 45% bone ash in his formulation to create what he called ‘fine porcelain.’ Although in quality it rivalled porcelain imported from Europe and China the factory was not a commercial success.〔'Trading Places.' R.Ware. ''Asian Ceramics''. November,2009, p.35,37-39.〕〔‘Science Of Early English Porcelain.’ I.C. Freestone. ''Sixth Conference and Exhibition of the European Ceramic Society''. Vol.1 Brighton, 20–24 June 1999, p.11-17〕 Later, Josiah Spode in Stoke-on-Trent further developed the concept between 1789 and 1793, introducing his "Stoke China" in 1796, the year before his sudden death; his son Josiah II quickly rechristened the ware "Bone china".〔(Spode Museum Trust:The First Spode Period 1776-1833 )〕 Among his developments was to abandon Frye’s procedure of calcining the bone together with some of the other body raw materials, instead calcining just the bone. Bone china quickly proved to be highly popular, leading to its production by other English pottery manufacturers.〔Karwatka, Dennis. “Josiah Spode and His World-Famous Pottery.” Tech Directions; Apr 2009, Vol. 68 Issue 9, p12-12.〕 Both Spode's formulation and his business were successful: his formulation of 6 parts bone ash, 4 parts china stone and 3.5 parts china clay. pr kaolin, remains the basis for all bone china, and it was only in 2009 that his company, Spode, went into receivership before eventually being purchased by Portmeirion.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bone china」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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